techtip

Quick tip–identity columns

connormcdonald , , ,

Lets say I’ve been reading about schema separation, and thus I am going to have a schema which owns all of my objects, which I’ll call APP_OWNER, which will have no connection privilege and a separate schema called APP_ADMIN which will take care of all of the DDL tasks.

Here’s my setup:


SQL> create user app_owner identified by app_owner;
 
User created.
 
SQL> grant
  2    create session,
  3    create any table,
  4    create any sequence,
  5  to app_admin identified by app_admin;
 
Grant succeeded.

I have granted APP_ADMIN the ability to create tables in any schema, and create sequences in any schema. I did the latter, because I know that if I use the “IDENTITY” clause for a column, then behind the scenes I’ll be creating a sequence to populate those ascending values.  So it looks like I am ready to go and create my objects.  Let’s create that first table


SQL> conn app_admin/app_admin
Connected.
 
SQL> create table app_owner.t(pk integer generated always as identity);
create table app_owner.t(pk integer generated always as identity)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

Hmmm….that is not what we were expecting. It turns out that to create an identity column in another schema you need more than just CREATE ANY SEQUENCE. You also need SELECT ANY SEQUENCE.


SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected. 
SQL> grant
  2    create session,
  3    create any table,
  4    create any sequence,
  5    select any sequence
  6  to app_admin identified by app_admin;
 
Grant succeeded.
 
SQL> conn app_admin/app_admin
Connected.
 
SQL> create table app_owner.t(pk integer generated always as identity);
 
Table created.

And there we go Smile

Footnote: If you’ve never seen the syntax “grant <privs> to <user> identified by <pass>” it is a quick shortcut to both create the user account and assign privileges in a single command

SUM is better than DISTINCT

connormcdonald , ,

There is a good chance that (based on this blog post title) that you’re expecting a post on SQL, and that’s understandable. But I’ll come clean nice and early – that was just to lure you in Smile

The post is about SUM and DISTINCT, but not in the technical sense.

A few days ago, fellow OakTable member Jonathan Lewis put a post on his blog: https://jonathanlewis.wordpress.com/2017/04/10/ask-jonathan/ where he is launching a mechanism where you can pose questions to him, and he will select topics of interest and write about them in the UKOUG Oracle Scene magazine.  What I found hilarious was that people started emailing me saying “Are you concerned about AskTOM?”.  Now, last time I checked, we don’t have Google Ads or Facebook Ads on AskTOM, so it is not as if we have some fiscal need to keep the website hits high, increase our “social engagement”, or whatever the latest buzzword is for that sort of thing.  If it was – you see lots of cat videos and references to Justin Bieber in our answers Smile

AskTOM does one thing…and one thing only – we try to help out the Oracle community, to make them more successful.  It’s what Tom did in the past, and it’s what the team do now.  That’s the same reason why our answers will often refer people to links / blog posts / tutorials outside of the oracle.com domain, for example, to the excellent work of some of the Oracle Aces and Ace Directors.  It’s about getting good information and getting the job done.  Similarly, when I give talks on AskTom to user groups, one of the things I encourage people to do is form their own “AskMe” concept within their own IT shops – get people asking questions, and discussing solutions at the department level, the organizational level, and ultimately the global community level.  Then we all benefit – we all win.

So rather than being “concerned”, I’m thrilled by anyone that wants to put their hand up and say “Hey, I’m here to help out the community”.  I encourage any of us who are experienced practitioners in the Oracle community to do the same.

The SUM of contributors to the Oracle community will be much better for that community than just a few DISTINCT people !  … and hence the title of the post.

The SQL Loader log file … as data

connormcdonald , , ,

I had an interesting AskTom question recently where the poster was using SQL Loader to load in tables, but wanted to be able to analyze the resultant log file after execution.  And of course, what better way to analyze..well…anything…than with a database and some SQL.

So we need to be able to access the log file as a table, and an external table is perfect for that, so let’s start there.

Here’s a sample SQL Loader log file (with a little perturbation to preserve anonymity).  It’s quite complex because multiple tables were loaded as part of a single SQL Loader run.


Table SCOTT.T1: 222455 Rows successfully loaded.
  0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
  1229074 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
  0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Table SCOTT.T2:
  202547 Rows successfully loaded.
  0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
  1248982 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
  0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Table SCOTT.T3:
  952092 Rows successfully loaded.
  0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
  499437 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
  0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Table SCOTT.T4:
  74373 Rows successfully loaded.
  0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
  1377156 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
  0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Table SCOTT.T5:
  62 Rows successfully loaded.
  0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
  1451467 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
  0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Space allocated for bind array:               11920000 bytes(10000 rows)
Read   buffer bytes:60485760
Total logical records skipped:          0
Total logical records read:       1451529
Total logical records rejected:         0
Total logical records discarded:        0
Run began on Mon Jan 02 16:47:04 2017
Run ended on Mon Jan 02 16:47:42 2017
Elapsed time was:     00:00:38.17
Elapsed time was:     00:00:38.17
CPU time was:         00:00:32.61

Now obviously it’s a trivial exercise to parse that file as an external table with one row per file line.


SQL> CREATE TABLE sqlldr_log (
  2    msg varchar2(200)
  3  )
  4  ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL (
  5    TYPE ORACLE_LOADER
  6    DEFAULT DIRECTORY temp
  7    ACCESS PARAMETERS (
  8      RECORDS DELIMITED BY NEWLINE
  9      FIELDS
 10      (
 11        msg      position(1:512)
 12      )
 13    )
 14    LOCATION ('sqlldr.log')
 15  )
 16  REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED;

Table created.

SQL> select msg from sqlldr_log;

MSG
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table SCOTT.T1: 222455 Rows successfully loaded.
  0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
  1229074 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
  0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Table SCOTT.T2:
  202547 Rows successfully loaded.
  0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
  1248982 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
  0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Table SCOTT.T3:
  952092 Rows successfully loaded.
  0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
  499437 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
  0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Table SCOTT.T4:
  74373 Rows successfully loaded.
  0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
  1377156 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
  0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Table SCOTT.T5:
  62 Rows successfully loaded.
  0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.
  1451467 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
  0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Space allocated for bind array:               11920000 bytes(10000 rows)
Read   buffer bytes:60485760
Total logical records skipped:          0
Total logical records read:       1451529
Total logical records rejected:         0
Total logical records discarded:        0
Run began on Mon Jan 02 16:47:04 2017
Run ended on Mon Jan 02 16:47:42 2017
Elapsed time was:     00:00:38.17
Elapsed time was:     00:00:38.17
CPU time was:         00:00:32.61

35 rows selected.

SQL>

but “So what ?” I hear you say. Now I got a text file coming as a text output in a query. I don’t seem to be much better off.

But now that I have the full power of SQL, I can start to do some simple parsing of the rows to (for example), extract the row load information.

Firstly, I’ll extract just those rows that have the text “Table” or “Rows” in them, and use a CASE statement to parse each of the “type” of rows (success, failed, etc) into individual columns


SQL> select
  2     rownum r
  3    ,substr(msg,1,50)
  4    ,case when msg like 'Table%' then substr(msg,7,instr(msg,':')-7) end tname
  5    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%successfully%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end loaded
  6    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%data errors%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end errs_data
  7    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%all WHEN cla%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end errs_when
  8    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%were null%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end errs_null
  9  from sqlldr_log
 10  where msg like 'Table%' or msg like '  %Rows%';

         R SUBSTR(MSG,1,50)                                   TNAME                          LOADED       ERRS_DATA    ERRS_WHEN    ERRS_NULL
---------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
         1 Table SCOTT.T1: 222455 Rows successfully loaded.   SCOTT.T1
         2   0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.                                                        0
         3   1229074 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses                                                          1229074
         4   0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.                                                                        0
         5 Table SCOTT.T2:                                    SCOTT.T2
         6   202547 Rows successfully loaded.                                                202547
         7   0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.                                                        0
         8   1248982 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses                                                          1248982
         9   0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.                                                                        0
        10 Table SCOTT.T3:                                    SCOTT.T3
        11   952092 Rows successfully loaded.                                                952092
        12   0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.                                                        0
        13   499437 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses                                                           499437
        14   0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.                                                                        0
        15 Table SCOTT.T4:                                    SCOTT.T4
        16   74373 Rows successfully loaded.                                                 74373
        17   0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.                                                        0
        18   1377156 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses                                                          1377156
        19   0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.                                                                        0
        20 Table SCOTT.T5:                                    SCOTT.T5
        21   62 Rows successfully loaded.                                                    62
        22   0 Rows not loaded due to data errors.                                                        0
        23   1451467 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses                                                          1451467
        24   0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.                                                                        0

24 rows selected.

Now with a simple analytic function, I can “fill in the blanks” with my table name so it appears in every row


SQL> with base_data as (
  2  select
  3     rownum r
  4    ,substr(msg,1,50)
  5    ,case when msg like 'Table%' then substr(msg,7,instr(msg,':')-7) end tname
  6    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%successfully%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end loaded
  7    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%data errors%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end errs_data
  8    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%all WHEN cla%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end errs_when
  9    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%were null%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end errs_null
 10  from sqlldr_log
 11  where msg like 'Table%' or msg like '  %Rows%'
 12  )
 13  select
 14    last_value(tname ignore nulls) over ( order by r ) as tname,
 15    loaded,
 16    errs_data,
 17    errs_when,
 18    errs_null
 19  from base_data;

TNAME                          LOADED       ERRS_DATA    ERRS_WHEN    ERRS_NULL
------------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
SCOTT.T1
SCOTT.T1                                    0
SCOTT.T1                                                 1229074
SCOTT.T1                                                              0
SCOTT.T2
SCOTT.T2                       202547
SCOTT.T2                                    0
SCOTT.T2                                                 1248982
SCOTT.T2                                                              0
SCOTT.T3
SCOTT.T3                       952092
SCOTT.T3                                    0
SCOTT.T3                                                 499437
SCOTT.T3                                                              0
SCOTT.T4
SCOTT.T4                       74373
SCOTT.T4                                    0
SCOTT.T4                                                 1377156
SCOTT.T4                                                              0
SCOTT.T5
SCOTT.T5                       62
SCOTT.T5                                    0
SCOTT.T5                                                 1451467
SCOTT.T5                                                              0

24 rows selected.

and once I’ve got that, then all I need to do put that result within a GROUP BY, and voila ! I now have a summary my SQL Loader execution in a nice usable format


SQL> with base_data as (
  2  select
  3     rownum r
  4    ,substr(msg,1,50)
  5    ,case when msg like 'Table%' then substr(msg,7,instr(msg,':')-7) end tname
  6    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%successfully%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end loaded
  7    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%data errors%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end errs_data
  8    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%all WHEN cla%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end errs_when
  9    ,case when msg like '  %Rows%were null%' then substr(msg,3,instr(msg,'Rows')-4) end errs_null
 10  from sqlldr_log
 11  where msg like 'Table%' or msg like '  %Rows%'
 12  ), pad_table_name as
 13  (
 14  select
 15    last_value(tname ignore nulls) over ( order by r ) as tname,
 16    loaded,
 17    errs_data,
 18    errs_when,
 19    errs_null
 20  from base_data
 21  )
 22  select
 23    tname,
 24    max(loaded) loaded,
 25    max(errs_data) errs_data,
 26    max(errs_when) errs_when,
 27    max(errs_null) errs_null
 28  from   pad_table_name
 29  where  loaded is not null
 30    or errs_data  is not null
 31    or errs_when is not null
 32    or errs_null is not null
 33  group by tname
 34  order by 1;

TNAME                          LOADED       ERRS_DATA    ERRS_WHEN    ERRS_NULL
------------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
SCOTT.T1                                    0            1229074      0
SCOTT.T2                       202547       0            1248982      0
SCOTT.T3                       952092       0            499437       0
SCOTT.T4                       74373        0            1377156      0
SCOTT.T5                       62           0            1451467      0

5 rows selected.

 

Footnote: If the LAST_VALUE analytic function left you bamboozled, check out my video series on them here

How do I get my trace files on a db-as-a-service

connormcdonald , ,

Yeah, sure it would be cool to crank up some big time powered VM’s in the cloud and let rip, but the reality is – if you’re starting out on a cloud exploration, you probably want to (initially at least) just dip your toes in the water and start with something small.  For example, if I wanted to play with 12c Release 2, I can just sign up for an Exadata Express service so I can explore the new features without breaking the bank.

But whatever the need, accessing a database as a service as opposed to a server, there’s often that fear of “handing over the reins”, that is, that I’ll not be able to do the things I want to do, especially when it comes to OS level access.  And for a developer or DBA, perhaps a thing that might raise alarm bells is: “How will I access my trace files ?”

Well, in 12c Release 2, there’s two nifty new views to help out here.  You can access trace file information directly from the database.  Here’s a simple example


SQL> desc V$DIAG_TRACE_FILE
 Name                          Null?    Type
 ----------------------------- -------- --------------------
 ADR_HOME                               VARCHAR2(444)
 TRACE_FILENAME                         VARCHAR2(68)
 CHANGE_TIME                            TIMESTAMP(3) WITH TIME ZONE
 MODIFY_TIME                            TIMESTAMP(3) WITH TIME ZONE
 CON_ID                                 NUMBER


SQL> select TRACE_FILENAME
  2  from   V$DIAG_TRACE_FILE
  3  order by 1;

TRACE_FILENAME
-----------------------------------------
db122_cjq0_32100.trc
db122_cjq0_3602.trc
db122_cjq0_3736.trc
db122_cjq0_6044.trc
db122_cjq0_8937.trc
db122_m001_20300.trc
db122_m001_21807.trc
db122_ora_10158.trc
db122_ora_5351.trc
db122_p000_32038.trc
db122_p000_3526.trc
db122_p000_3703.trc
db122_p000_4101.trc
db122_p000_5002.trc
db122_p000_6036.trc
db122_p000_8848.trc
...
...

And once I’ve identified a trace file that I’m interested in, I can grab it contents just as easily.



SQL> desc V$DIAG_TRACE_FILE_CONTENTS
 Name                          Null?    Type
 ----------------------------- -------- --------------------
 ADR_HOME                               VARCHAR2(444)
 TRACE_FILENAME                         VARCHAR2(68)
 RECORD_LEVEL                           NUMBER
 PARENT_LEVEL                           NUMBER
 RECORD_TYPE                            NUMBER
 TIMESTAMP                              TIMESTAMP(3) WITH TIME ZONE
 PAYLOAD                                VARCHAR2(4000)
 SECTION_ID                             NUMBER
 SECTION_NAME                           VARCHAR2(64)
 COMPONENT_NAME                         VARCHAR2(64)
 OPERATION_NAME                         VARCHAR2(64)
 FILE_NAME                              VARCHAR2(64)
 FUNCTION_NAME                          VARCHAR2(64)
 LINE_NUMBER                            NUMBER
 THREAD_ID                              VARCHAR2(64)
 SESSION_ID                             NUMBER
 SERIAL#                                NUMBER
 CON_UID                                NUMBER
 CONTAINER_NAME                         VARCHAR2(30)
 CON_ID                                 NUMBER




SQL> select PAYLOAD
  2  from   V$DIAG_TRACE_FILE_CONTENTS
  3  where  TRACE_FILENAME = 'orcl12c_ora_4163.trc'
  4  order by LINE_NUMBER;

PAYLOAD
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trace file /u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl12c/orcl12c/trace/orcl12c_ora_4163.trc
Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
Build label:    RDBMS_12.2.0.1.0_LINUX.X64_161003
ORACLE_HOME:    /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2/db_1
System name:    Linux
Node name:      vbgeneric
Release:        3.8.13-118.14.1.el7uek.x86_64
Version:        #2 SMP Mon Oct 31 17:32:03 PDT 2016
Machine:        x86_64
Instance name: orcl12c
Redo thread mounted by this instance: 1
Oracle process number: 49
Unix process pid: 4163, image: oracle@vbgeneric


*** 2017-01-22T23:53:13.661980-05:00 (ORCL(3))

*** SESSION ID:(48.50034) 2017-01-22T23:53:13.662038-05:00
*** CLIENT ID:() 2017-01-22T23:53:13.662050-05:00
*** SERVICE NAME:(orcl) 2017-01-22T23:53:13.662059-05:00
*** MODULE NAME:(SQL*Plus) 2017-01-22T23:53:13.662069-05:00
*** ACTION NAME:() 2017-01-22T23:53:13.662079-05:00
*** CLIENT DRIVER:(SQL*PLUS) 2017-01-22T23:53:13.662087-05:00
*** CONTAINER ID:(3) 2017-01-22T23:53:13.662097-05:00

WAIT #139958764906240: nam='PGA memory operation' ela= 102 p1=0 p2=0 p3=0 obj#=1376 tim=656737684
WAIT #139958764906240: nam='SQL*Net message to client' ela= 38 driver id=1413697536 #bytes=1 p3=0 obj#=1376 tim=656738633
WAIT #139958764906240: nam='SQL*Net message from client' ela= 2608 driver id=1413697536 #bytes=1 p3=0 obj#=1376 tim=656741328
CLOSE #139958764906240:c=0,e=110,dep=0,type=1,tim=656741672
=====================
PARSING IN CURSOR #139958764708168 len=36 dep=0 uid=117 oct=47 lid=117 tim=656745298 hv=4128301241 ad='7429cdd8' sqlid='5t10uu7v11s5t'

BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE(NULL); END;
END OF STMT
PARSE #139958764708168:c=3000,e=3496,p=0,cr=0,cu=0,mis=1,r=0,dep=0,og=1,plh=0,tim=656745290
EXEC #139958764708168:c=0,e=147,p=0,cr=0,cu=0,mis=0,r=1,dep=0,og=1,plh=0,tim=656745624
WAIT #139958764708168: nam='SQL*Net message to client' ela= 10 driver id=1413697536 #bytes=1 p3=0 obj#=1376 tim=656745713
WAIT #139958764708168: nam='SQL*Net message from client' ela= 5605 driver id=1413697536 #bytes=1 p3=0 obj#=1376 tim=656751369
CLOSE #139958764708168:c=0,e=64,dep=0,type=0,tim=656751853
=====================
PARSING IN CURSOR #139958859515432 len=332 dep=1 uid=0 oct=3 lid=0 tim=656752148 hv=2698389488 ad='614a4b08' sqlid='acmvv4fhdc9zh'


select obj#,type#,ctime,mtime,stime, status, dataobj#, flags, oid$, spare1, spare2, spare3, signature, spare7, spare8, spare9, nvl
(dflcollid, 16382), creappid, creverid, modappid, modverid, crepatchid, modpatchid from obj$ where owner#=:1 and name=:2 and names
pace=:3 and remoteowner is null and linkname is null and subname is null

END OF STMT
EXEC #139958859515432:c=1000,e=58,p=0,cr=0,cu=0,mis=0,r=0,dep=1,og=4,plh=813480514,tim=656752148
FETCH #139958859515432:c=0,e=32,p=0,cr=3,cu=0,mis=0,r=0,dep=1,og=4,plh=813480514,tim=656752256
CLOSE #139958859515432:c=0,e=2,dep=1,type=3,tim=656752308
EXEC #139958859515432:c=0,e=38,p=0,cr=0,cu=0,mis=0,r=0,dep=1,og=4,plh=813480514,tim=656752540
FETCH #139958859515432:c=0,e=36,p=0,cr=4,cu=0,mis=0,r=1,dep=1,og=4,plh=813480514,tim=656752629
CLOSE #139958859515432:c=0,e=7,dep=1,type=3,tim=656752675
=====================
PARSING IN CURSOR #139958765170592 len=868 dep=3 uid=0 oct=3 lid=0 tim=656755217 hv=3633507567 ad='60fdfec8' sqlid='121ffmrc95v7g'


select i.obj#,i.ts#,i.file#,i.block#,i.intcols,i.type#,i.flags,i.property,i.pctfree$,i.initrans,i.maxtrans,i.blevel,i.leafcnt,i.di
stkey,i.lblkkey,i.dblkkey,i.clufac,i.cols,i.analyzetime,i.samplesize,i.dataobj#,nvl(i.degree,1),nvl(i.instances,1),i.rowcnt,mod(i.
pctthres$,256),i.indmethod#,i.trunccnt,nvl(c.unicols,0),nvl(c.deferrable#+c.valid#,0),nvl(i.spare1,i.intcols),i.spare4,i.spare2,i.
spare6,decode(i.pctthres$,null,null,mod(trunc(i.pctthres$/256),256)),nvl(i.evaledition#,1),nvl(i.unusablebefore#,0),nvl(i.unusable
beginning#,0), ist.cachedblk,ist.cachehit,ist.logicalread from ind$ i, ind_stats$ ist, (select enabled, min(intcols) unicols,min(t
o_number(bitand(defer,1))) deferrable#,min(to_number(bitand(defer,4))) valid# from cdef$ where obj#=:1 and enabled > 1 group by en
abled) c where i.obj#=c.enabled(+) and i.obj# = ist.obj#(+) and i.bo#=:1 order by i.obj#

END OF STMT
EXEC #139958765170592:c=0,e=137,p=0,cr=0,cu=0,mis=0,r=0,dep=3,og=4,plh=2542797530,tim=656755214
FETCH #139958765170592:c=1000,e=235,p=0,cr=3,cu=0,mis=0,r=0,dep=3,og=4,plh=2542797530,tim=656755601
CLOSE #139958765170592:c=0,e=2,dep=3,type=3,tim=656755692
=====================
PARSING IN CURSOR #139958765274984 len=552 dep=3 uid=0 oct=3 lid=0 tim=656755788 hv=1798149220 ad='6148cc98' sqlid='9t4vxdppkv534'
...
...
...

Easy as that !

Haversine PL/SQL

connormcdonald ,

I didn’t see a PL/SQL version on https://rosettacode.org for the Haversine formula so here’s a version for anyone that needs it.



SQL> create or replace
  2  function p2p_distance(
  3              p_latitude1 number,
  4              p_longitude1 number,
  5              p_latitude2 number,
  6              p_longitude2 number) return number deterministic is
  7    earth_radius  number := 6371;
  8    pi_approx     number := 3.1415927/180; 
  9    lat_delta     number := (p_latitude2-p_latitude1)*pi_approx;
 10    lon_delta     number := (p_longitude2-p_longitude1)*pi_approx;
 11    arc           number := sin(lat_delta/2) * sin(lat_delta/2) +
 12                                 sin(lon_delta/2) * sin(lon_delta/2) * cos(p_latitude1*pi_approx) * cos(p_latitude2*pi_approx);
 13  begin
 14    return earth_radius * 2 * atan2(sqrt(arc), sqrt(1-arc));
 15  end;
 16  /

Function created.

SQL>
SQL> select p2p_distance(36.12, -86.67, 33.94, -118.4) from dual;

P2P_DISTANCE(36.12,-86.67,33.94,-118.4)
---------------------------------------
                             2886.40705

Multi-table insert

connormcdonald , , ,

An interesting question came through on AskTom recently.  The requirement was to perform a single pass through a source table, and load the data into three target tables.

Now that’s trivially achieved with a multi-table insert, but there was a subtle “twist” on this requirement.  Each of the three target tables may already contain some, none or all of the rows from the source table.  Hence the requirement was to “fill in the blanks”.

So here’s a little demo of one way we could achieve this.

First, here is our source table with 10 rows (1 through 10)


SQL> create table t_source as select rownum s from dual connect by level <= 10; Table created. SQL>
SQL> select * from t_source;

         S
----------
         1
         2
         3
         4
         5
         6
         7
         8
         9
        10

10 rows selected.

And here are our three target tables, T1, T2 and T3, each with a subset of the rows already


SQL> create table t1 as select rownum x from dual connect by level <= 5; Table created. SQL> create table t2 as select rownum y from dual connect by level <= 3; Table created. SQL> create table t3 as select rownum z from dual connect by level <= 6; Table created. SQL> select * from t1 order by 1;

         X
----------
         1
         2
         3
         4
         5

5 rows selected.

SQL> select * from t2 order by 1;

         Y
----------
         1
         2
         3

3 rows selected.

SQL> select * from t3 order by 1;

         Z
----------
         1
         2
         3
         4
         5
         6

6 rows selected.

Now obviously we could perform a simple insert-select-where-not-exists style operation for each table, but we need to meet our poster’s requirement of a single pass through the source table. So we will take advantage of an outer join to pick up just those rows that do not already match.



SQL> insert all
  2    when in_tab1 is null then
  3      into t1 (x ) values (s )
  4    when in_tab2 is null then
  5      into t2 (y ) values (s )
  6    when in_tab3 is null then
  7      into t3 (z ) values (s )
  8  select
  9    t_source.s,
 10    t1.x in_tab1,
 11    t2.y in_tab2,
 12    t3.z in_tab3
 13  from t_source, t1, t2, t3
 14  where t_source.s = t1.x(+)
 15  and t_source.s = t2.y(+)
 16  and t_source.s = t3.z(+)
 17  /

16 rows created.

SQL>
SQL> select * from t1 order by 1;

         X
----------
         1
         2
         3
         4
         5
         6
         7
         8
         9
        10

10 rows selected.

SQL> select * from t2 order by 1;

         Y
----------
         1
         2
         3
         4
         5
         6
         7
         8
         9
        10

10 rows selected.

SQL> select * from t3 order by 1;

         Z
----------
         1
         2
         3
         4
         5
         6
         7
         8
         9
        10

10 rows selected.

SQL>

And the job is done. Our poster never really elaborated on why a single pass was necessary – but let’s assume it was due to the source table being large. If we look at the execution plan, we see a swag of cascading hash joins, so whilst a single pass of the source table has been achieved, there is no guarantee that we’re not going to end up with other issues in processing all of those “concurrent” joins.



---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation            | Name     | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT     |          |    10 |   120 |     8   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  1 |  HASH JOIN OUTER     |          |    10 |   120 |     8   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  2 |   HASH JOIN OUTER    |          |    10 |    90 |     6   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |    HASH JOIN OUTER   |          |    10 |    60 |     4   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_SOURCE |    10 |    30 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   5 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| T2       |     3 |     9 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL | T1       |     5 |    15 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
|   7 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL  | T3       |     6 |    18 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - access("T_SOURCE"."S"="T3"."Z"(+))
   2 - access("T_SOURCE"."S"="T1"."X"(+))
   3 - access("T_SOURCE"."S"="T2"."Y"(+))

But that’s often life on AskTom.We only get half the story Smile

max_enabled_roles – nice touch

connormcdonald , ,

Some people get very excited with roles, and quickly the number of roles proliferates to huge numbers…Until this happens

ORA-28031: maximum of 148 enabled roles exceeded

But in helping someone out on AskTom, I just found a nice touch in 11.2.0.4.  I had granted my account 200 roles (since the max_enabled_roles parameter is capped at 148), fully expecting to get the standard error when attempting to connect.  But I didn’t – all was fine.  You can see what is going on via the following demo.


SQL> begin
  2  for i in 1 .. 200 loop
  3    execute immediate 'create role rr'||i;
  4    execute immediate 'grant rr'||i||' to scott';
  5  end loop;
  6  end;
  7  /

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL>
SQL> conn scott/tiger
Connected.

SQL> select count(*) from session_roles;

  COUNT(*)
----------
       148

So even though I granted 200 roles, when I queried SESSION_ROLES, I did not see all 200 , I only saw 148.

My alert.log shows this

Wed Nov 30 10:32:35 2016
Maximum of 148 enabled roles exceeded for user SCOTT. Not loading all the roles.

Some people might prefer an explicit error, but hopefully any good alert log monitoring would quickly pick this up.  And since if you exceed 148 there is no workaround (except to reduce the number of roles granted), I think avoiding the error is a better strategy.